Boko Haram’s Decline: 10 Key Moments in the Fight Against Terrorism

For over a decade, Boko Haram has been one of Africa’s most notorious terrorist groups, responsible for widespread violence, kidnappings, and instability in Nigeria and neighboring countries. However, recent years have seen a significant decline in the group’s influence and operational capacity. This article explores the 10 key moments that have contributed to Boko Haram’s weakening, from military offensives to internal fractures.

Table of Contents

1. The Formation of the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) (2015)
2. The Chibok Girls Abduction and Global Backlash (2014)
3. The Split Between Boko Haram and ISIS (2016)
4. The Rise of the Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF)
5. The Death of Boko Haram’s Founder, Mohammed Yusuf (2009)
6. The Nigerian Military’s Operation Lafiya Dole (2015)
7. The Capture of Sambisa Forest (2016)
8. The Surrender of Boko Haram Fighters (2021-2023)
9. Increased Drone Strikes and Surveillance (2018-Present)
10. The Decline of Shekau and Rise of ISWAP (2021)

1. The Formation of the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) (2015)

One of the most significant turning points in the fight against Boko Haram was the establishment of the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) in 2015. Comprising troops from Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon, Niger, and Benin, this coalition marked a unified regional effort to combat terrorism.

Before the MNJTF, Boko Haram exploited porous borders to evade capture. The joint military operations disrupted supply routes, reduced cross-border attacks, and weakened the group’s ability to regroup after defeats.

2. The Chibok Girls Abduction and Global Backlash (2014)

The kidnapping of 276 Chibok schoolgirls in 2014 shocked the world and brought unprecedented international attention to Boko Haram’s brutality. The #BringBackOurGirls campaign, supported by global figures like Michelle Obama, pressured governments to act.

This incident led to increased military aid from the U.S., UK, and France, including intelligence sharing and drone surveillance. The global spotlight forced Nigeria to intensify counterterrorism efforts, weakening Boko Haram’s ability to operate freely.

3. The Split Between Boko Haram and ISIS (2016)

In 2016, a faction of Boko Haram pledged allegiance to ISIS, rebranding as the Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP). This split created internal divisions, as ISWAP criticized Boko Haram’s leader, Abubakar Shekau, for excessive violence against Muslims.

The infighting weakened both factions, leading to clashes over territory and resources. This fragmentation made it easier for security forces to exploit their disunity.

4. The Rise of the Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF)

Local vigilante groups, known as the Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF), emerged in northeastern Nigeria to assist the military in identifying Boko Haram members. Comprising former hunters and volunteers, the CJTF provided crucial intelligence on insurgent hideouts.

Their knowledge of the terrain and communities made it harder for Boko Haram to blend in, forcing many fighters into remote areas where they were more vulnerable to military strikes.

5. The Death of Boko Haram’s Founder, Mohammed Yusuf (2009)

Boko Haram’s original leader, Mohammed Yusuf, was killed in police custody in 2009. While his death initially radicalized the group under Abubakar Shekau, it also marked the beginning of a more violent but less strategic phase.

Shekau’s leadership was marked by extreme brutality, including suicide bombings and mass executions, which alienated some supporters and made the group a bigger target for military action.

6. The Nigerian Military’s Operation Lafiya Dole (2015)

Launched in 2015, Operation Lafiya Dole (“Peace by Force”) was a major Nigerian military offensive aimed at reclaiming territory from Boko Haram. The operation saw the recapture of key towns like Bama, Gwoza, and Monguno.

Improved military tactics, including air strikes and ground assaults, forced Boko Haram into retreat. The operation also disrupted the group’s supply chains, making it harder to sustain prolonged attacks.

7. The Capture of Sambisa Forest (2016)

Sambisa Forest, Boko Haram’s primary stronghold, was a dense jungle hideout where the group stored weapons and held captives. In December 2016, the Nigerian military launched a decisive operation to reclaim the forest.

The loss of Sambisa deprived Boko Haram of a strategic base, forcing them into smaller, scattered camps. This victory also led to the rescue of hundreds of kidnapped women and children.

8. The Surrender of Boko Haram Fighters (2021-2023)

In recent years, thousands of Boko Haram fighters have surrendered to Nigerian authorities. Factors include military pressure, disillusionment with leadership, and government amnesty programs.

Mass surrenders have weakened the group’s manpower, with many former fighters providing intelligence on remaining hideouts. This trend has accelerated Boko Haram’s decline.

9. Increased Drone Strikes and Surveillance (2018-Present)

The use of drones and aerial surveillance by Nigerian and international forces has made it harder for Boko Haram to move undetected. Precision strikes have eliminated key commanders and disrupted supply routes.

U.S. and French support in intelligence gathering has been crucial, allowing for real-time tracking of insurgent movements.

10. The Decline of Shekau and Rise of ISWAP (2021)

In May 2021, Abubakar Shekau, Boko Haram’s notorious leader, was killed during a clash with ISWAP fighters. His death marked the end of an era and further fragmented the group.

ISWAP, though still active, operates differently—focusing more on military targets rather than civilian massacres. This shift has reduced some of the group’s local support, contributing to its decline.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Is Boko Haram completely defeated?

No, but their influence has significantly weakened. While remnants remain active, they no longer control large territories.

What is the difference between Boko Haram and ISWAP?

ISWAP is a splinter group that pledged allegiance to ISIS. It is considered more disciplined but still poses a threat.

How many Chibok girls have been rescued?

As of 2024, over 100 Chibok girls have escaped or been freed, but many remain missing.

What role do foreign forces play in fighting Boko Haram?

The U.S., France, and the UK provide intelligence, training, and drone support to regional forces.

Can Boko Haram resurge?

Yes, without sustained military pressure and economic development in affected regions, a resurgence is possible.

Conclusion

Boko Haram’s decline is the result of military pressure, internal divisions, and loss of territory. While the group is not yet eradicated, these key moments have significantly weakened its grip on West Africa. Continued regional cooperation and counterterrorism efforts remain essential to ensuring its eventual defeat.